Beta carotene is 1 of a group of red, orange, and yellow pigments called carotenoids; Dietary sources include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Photoprotective effects: Exact mechanism unknown; in vitro studies suggest antioxidant effects and that beta carotene reduces free radicals and singlet oxygen, which are produced when porphyrin is exposed to light and air. Vitamin C is necessary for collagen formation and tissue repair; plays a role in oxidation/reduction reactions as well as other metabolic pathways including synthesis of catecholamines, carnitine, and steroids; also plays a role in conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. Vitamin E plays a role in protecting red blood cells against hemolysis; has protective effects against free radicals on polyunsaturated fatty acids found in cell membranes; plays a role in preventing oxidation of vitamin A and C.